1强调以往研究的不足之处

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Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which … 虽然已经对X进行了广泛的研究，但没有一项单独的研究…

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Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time … 像这样的短期研究并不一定显示出随着时间的推移而发生的微妙变化…

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Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of … 对这一课题的研究大多局限于对……

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Previous studies of X have not dealt with … 以前对X的研究没有涉及…

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2引入问题和限制：理论或论点

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One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why… 这种解释的局限性之一是它不能解释为什么…

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Smith’s argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of … 史密斯的论点过于依赖于对…的定性分析

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3介绍一般性批评

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Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that … 许多分析师现在认为，X的策略并不成功。例如，Jones（2003）认为…

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More recent arguments against X have been summarized by Smith and Jones (1982): Smith和Jones（1982）总结了最近反对X的论点：

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