1、强调以往研究的不足之处
> Short term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle change over time.
> Precious studies of X have not dealt with.
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
> However, these results were based upon date from over 20 years ago.
> However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature.
> However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into.
> Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which.
> X analysis does not take account of ..., nor does she examine.
> Half of the studies evaluated failed to spezif:r whether.
> However, these studies used non-validated met hods to measure.
2、提出建设性意见
> The research would have been more relevant if a wider range of X had been explored.
> The study would have been more interesting if it had include.
> The study would have been useful if it had focused on ....
> A much more systematic approach would identify how X interacts with other variablesthat are.
> Believed to be linked to.
3、合理的表述前人文献优缺点
> One major drawback of this approach is that...
> The main limitation of our incomes, however is...
> However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.
> However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well-known limitations.
> Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.
4、批判性分析某人观点或理论
> A major criticism of X's work is that.
> A serious weakness with this argument, however is that...
> One question that needs to be asked, however is whether...
> One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...
> However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.
5、介绍一般性批判
> Many analysis now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Who , forexampleargue that.
>For example, X argue that...
> The most important of these criticism is that who failed to note that...
> Measure of X, but the...
> More recent arguments against X have been summarised by X and Y